The U.S. was not far behind. Following the swift American victory in its 1898 war with Spain, the U.S. annexed Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, and American officials turned to the policy of “reconcentration” in order to stamp out independence efforts among the newly-acquired territories. This was accomplished in part through the establishment of concentration camps. It’s unclear how many Filipinos the Americans forced into these camps, though estimates run into the hundreds of thousands. At the time, the policy appeared wildly popular among certain segments of the American public, in particular its overtly racial overtones. The “reconcentration” policy was, as one pro-U.S. newspaper enthused, “the most effective thing of its kind ever seen in these islands under any flag.”