-
Sign up or login, and you'll have full access to opportunities of forum.
Public Executions In The Arena
me0609
Magistrate
But there was a penalty when the holy fire was extinguished. Guilty virgin was whipped to death
Romans law...
Just saving the dessert till after the main course, Barb.....
pimboly
Condemned
Just saving the dessert till after the main course, Barb.....
MICHELE PATRI
Senator
VESTAL VIRGIN SCOURGED FOR LETTING THE SACRED FIRE DIE OUT
Loxuru
Graf von Kreuzigung
Since they are supposed to stay a virgin, there is no one around to poke the fire.Mustn't fall asleep on the job!!!!
LittleSiss
Sorceress
She looks strong enough to take a good "lickin"!!!! (American slang)Since they are supposed to stay a virgin, there is no one around to poke the fire.
MICHELE PATRI
Senator
VESTAL VIRGIN SCOURGED FOR LETTING THE SACRED FIRE DIE OUT
The six Vestal Virgins were chosen from patrician families at an early age to serve at the temple of Vesta. By tradition, they normally served the years as novices, the next ten performing the duties, and a further ten teaching the novices. They had their ownconvent near the forum and their duties included guarding the sacred fire in the temple , performing the rituals of worship, and baking the saltcake that was used at various festivals throughout the year.
Punishment fot any lapse in ritual or conduct was rigorous: whipping for letting the sacred fire go out; whipping and being walled up underground, with a few provisions, for a breach of the vow of chastity.
A Vestal virgin could incur suspicion of unchastity for a number of reasons. Two Vestals were accused for their improper dress and behaviour (including telling jokes) and one for keeping too frequent company with men. Prodigies are twice taken as indicating that a Vestal had polluted the sacra by performing them while unchaste. A Vestal might be suspected of unchastity because the eternal fire went out on her watch. As a punisment for letting the fire go out a Vestal received a flogging on the order and probably by the hands of the Pontifex Maximus.
“In 172 a.D. Optimia, a young Vestal Virgin, was led to the Pontifex Maximus to be punished for letting the sacred fire go out. She was tied to a wooden column and scouged so harshly that she fainted various times.”
The six Vestal Virgins were chosen from patrician families at an early age to serve at the temple of Vesta. By tradition, they normally served the years as novices, the next ten performing the duties, and a further ten teaching the novices. They had their ownconvent near the forum and their duties included guarding the sacred fire in the temple , performing the rituals of worship, and baking the saltcake that was used at various festivals throughout the year.
Punishment fot any lapse in ritual or conduct was rigorous: whipping for letting the sacred fire go out; whipping and being walled up underground, with a few provisions, for a breach of the vow of chastity.
A Vestal virgin could incur suspicion of unchastity for a number of reasons. Two Vestals were accused for their improper dress and behaviour (including telling jokes) and one for keeping too frequent company with men. Prodigies are twice taken as indicating that a Vestal had polluted the sacra by performing them while unchaste. A Vestal might be suspected of unchastity because the eternal fire went out on her watch. As a punisment for letting the fire go out a Vestal received a flogging on the order and probably by the hands of the Pontifex Maximus.
“In 172 a.D. Optimia, a young Vestal Virgin, was led to the Pontifex Maximus to be punished for letting the sacred fire go out. She was tied to a wooden column and scouged so harshly that she fainted various times.”
Since they are supposed to stay a virgin, there is no one around to poke the fire.
Hah!!!
She looks strong enough to take a good "lickin"!!!! (American slang)
double entendre?
LittleSiss
Sorceress
messaline
Crucified Amazon
Since they are supposed to stay a virgin, there is no one around to poke the fire.
I agree, loxuru , and roman people were well knowing that their "virgin" status was a legend ! They were obviously reserved to the pleasure of the Pontifex !
LittleSiss
Sorceress
I agree, loxuru , and roman people were well knowing that their "virgin" status was a legend ! They were obviously reserved to the pleasure of the Pontifex !
Oh! Messa!
Those ripe berries ... the flowers ... buds ... since .........................?
Prickles choosing the ripest little ones.
Sooooo much juice! Sweetness in a package of spring.
Walk away from the hay.
Summer blooms in the orchard
Standing before you!
It's both a quest and discovery
Those sweet drippy crepes ?
Fruit dressed in darkness
In the edge of the window
what do you see?
messaline
Crucified Amazon
Some History ...
Instituted by Numa, the College of Vestals consisted of four and six, and perhaps seven priestesses who were recruited from among the girls of the oldest families of Rome, at least at first, to maintain the sacred fire of the goddess Vesta .
RECRUITMENT
The vestal punished by Gamelin
© Museum of Fine Arts Orleans
The Vestals were to be born alive of parents and related by marriage by confarreatioreserved for patricians. The girls, aged six to ten years, to be healthy in body and spirit, and of course virgins. Twenty candidates were selected by the Grand Pontiff among the girls without the explicit consent of the paterfamilias who, however, could offer his daughter. Then was held a draw and the great pontiff greeted the new vestal by a speech that ended with " Te amata capio ". Entries in this ministry hair we start by cutting it and the High Priest of the authority of his father freed.
The Vestals were to exercise their power for thirty years: the first ten years the discipula learned their homework, they exercised during the following ten. The last ten years were devoted to training novices.Beyond they returned to civilian life and they could get married but the wedding was ominous or they could not leave the temple and then became Vestal fees. It is unlikely that those women who had experienced before a life of privilege and honors want to be under the guardianship of a husband (marriage cum manum) or under the tutelage of his father (sine marriage manum )
They obeyed the Pontifex (Pontifex Maximus ) who was exercising over them a paternal authority and the Great Vestal (Vestalis Maxima Maxima or Virgo), the oldest in general. The college of vestal lasted 1100 years and was deleted by Theodosius in 389.
FEATURES
Vestal flogged by the Grand Pontiff
by Giani Palace © Milzetti
The main function of the Vestal Virgins was to keep and maintain the sacred fire day and night; negligence in this function became a harbinger for the affairs of the state. If the fire were extinguished, the vestal fault was scourged by order of Grand Pontiff. After this punishment, it rekindled the fire using a bronze mirror that focused sunlight or by rubbing together two pieces of wood taken to a happy omen tree (arbor felix).
They were held to observe strict chastity. That was missing in this wish was sentenced to death, accused of the crime of Incestus. Following the laws of Numa, they expire under the lash. They were then precipitated from the top of a rock. Finally from the time of Tarquin the Elder, they were condemned to be buried alive. However, to avoid being accused of having killed a vestal given her some bread, water and a candle.
In addition to the custody of the sacred fire, the Vestals were required to make offerings and say prayers of day or night. Every morning they sprinkled the sanctuary of pure water.
However, they enjoyed considerable rights and honors.They were entitled to lictors and if a consul or a praetor was on their way, he had to take another route, or if he could not avoid the meeting, he had lowered their bundles before them in reverence .
Pollice verso by Gerome 1872
© Phoenix Art Gallery
They could grant clemency met on the way of execution provided that the meeting be coincidental. They could receive, give dinners, attend circus games where a place reserved for them. Gérôme painted the painting Pollice verso which portrays a group of Vestals seated in the front row and demanding the death of the vanquished. I think the reality was very different and that their intervention was more merciful especially as professionals Gladiators were men who were worth very expensive and had to be maintained.
Vestal by Sir Frederic Leighton
The House of Vestal Virgins, the Atrium Vestae , one of the best preserved ruins was between the Forum and the Palatine near the house (Regia) Grand Pontiff and the small round temple of Vesta. This is where the Penates of Rome and some mysterious objects were kept out of sight especially men because only women could enter it when Vestaliale, 5 before the Ides of June.
The Romans were then feasting in the streets, not at each door, and chose the dishes they brought to the temple of the goddess. We drove through the city donkeys crowned with flowers and decorated with compounds of dough pieces necklaces shaped buns, in memory of the services of these animals had rendered to Vesta. The Roman ladies went barefoot to the temple of Vesta and the Capitol
CLOTHING
The costume of the Vestal Virgins was not very strict.They wore a cap that did not drop below the ear, and thus left their faces uncovered; they are attached strips a few knotted underneath the throat; Vestals left push later their hair, which had first cut at the dedication. They had their clothes on a fine linen veil of extreme whiteness that made them recognize from afar, and possibly a mantis purple overcoat they usually wore over one shoulder, leaving the other free arm, and turned up very high .
TEXTS
① Livy in his Roman History, Book VIII Chapter XV says that in 36 BC: " 7) This year Minucia , Vestal, initially suspected to her dress too sought, was subsequently denounced by the pontiffs revelations of a slave. (8) a decree ordered him to renounce his religious duties, and retain all his slaves in his power. Then it was tried, and buried alive underground near the Colline gate, on the right path pavement in the crime of the field, so called, I think, the crime of the vestal. "
Claudia pulling the boat Cybele L. Lombard
② Pliny the Younger in a letter (IV, 11) tells how his dear friend Cornelius Domitian condemn the great Vestal Cornelia : "... Immediately the pundits were sent to be buried and put to death the unfortunate, tending them. hands sometimes towards Vesta, now to the other gods, especially among repeated her entreaties: "it's me that Caesar is unclean, I, whose sacrifices gave him the victory, gave him the triumph"
she Spoke well by flattery, or derisively by consciousness of his innocence or contempt of the prince, who knows, but she did not stop to say, until it led to execution, perhaps innocent, certainly considered innocent . Moreover, while being spun down into the fatal underground room, his coat being hooked, she turned around and brought it around her, and as the executioner held out her hand, she turned with a start and leaned back, pushing a supreme delicacy of gesture, this contact she regarded as a blemish to his chaste and pure body, and observing all the rules of decency, she put all her care to fall with decency. .. "
Vestal Tuccia Moroni c. 1555
© National Gallery London UK
③ To -204, the vestal Claudia pulled his belt with the boat on which came the statue of Cybele to prove his innocence.
In another version she allowed her brother to reach the Capitol as the Senate refused him a triumph.
④ The vestal Tuccia brought water into a hopper from the Tiber to the goddess temple to prove her chastity unfairly suspected as reported by Valerius Maximus in "Actions and memorable words (Book VIII, Chapter 1 § 5). "A similar rescue saved the young Vestal Tuccia who was accused of incest and had triumphed under tearing the veil of shadow which had enveloped slander. Strong sense of purity, she dared to seek its salvation in a risky way. She grabbed a screen and addressing Vesta, "If I have always approached your altars with holy hands, grant me to take this sieve the water of the Tiber and brought into your temple." Some bold and reckless that was such a vow, nature obeys itself to desire the priestess. "
⑤ Rhea Silva , daughter of Numitor, was a Vestal of Alba-la-longue and gave birth to Romulus and Rémusaprès the March visit.
Instituted by Numa, the College of Vestals consisted of four and six, and perhaps seven priestesses who were recruited from among the girls of the oldest families of Rome, at least at first, to maintain the sacred fire of the goddess Vesta .
RECRUITMENT
The vestal punished by Gamelin
© Museum of Fine Arts Orleans
The Vestals were to be born alive of parents and related by marriage by confarreatioreserved for patricians. The girls, aged six to ten years, to be healthy in body and spirit, and of course virgins. Twenty candidates were selected by the Grand Pontiff among the girls without the explicit consent of the paterfamilias who, however, could offer his daughter. Then was held a draw and the great pontiff greeted the new vestal by a speech that ended with " Te amata capio ". Entries in this ministry hair we start by cutting it and the High Priest of the authority of his father freed.
The Vestals were to exercise their power for thirty years: the first ten years the discipula learned their homework, they exercised during the following ten. The last ten years were devoted to training novices.Beyond they returned to civilian life and they could get married but the wedding was ominous or they could not leave the temple and then became Vestal fees. It is unlikely that those women who had experienced before a life of privilege and honors want to be under the guardianship of a husband (marriage cum manum) or under the tutelage of his father (sine marriage manum )
They obeyed the Pontifex (Pontifex Maximus ) who was exercising over them a paternal authority and the Great Vestal (Vestalis Maxima Maxima or Virgo), the oldest in general. The college of vestal lasted 1100 years and was deleted by Theodosius in 389.
FEATURES
Vestal flogged by the Grand Pontiff
by Giani Palace © Milzetti
The main function of the Vestal Virgins was to keep and maintain the sacred fire day and night; negligence in this function became a harbinger for the affairs of the state. If the fire were extinguished, the vestal fault was scourged by order of Grand Pontiff. After this punishment, it rekindled the fire using a bronze mirror that focused sunlight or by rubbing together two pieces of wood taken to a happy omen tree (arbor felix).
They were held to observe strict chastity. That was missing in this wish was sentenced to death, accused of the crime of Incestus. Following the laws of Numa, they expire under the lash. They were then precipitated from the top of a rock. Finally from the time of Tarquin the Elder, they were condemned to be buried alive. However, to avoid being accused of having killed a vestal given her some bread, water and a candle.
In addition to the custody of the sacred fire, the Vestals were required to make offerings and say prayers of day or night. Every morning they sprinkled the sanctuary of pure water.
However, they enjoyed considerable rights and honors.They were entitled to lictors and if a consul or a praetor was on their way, he had to take another route, or if he could not avoid the meeting, he had lowered their bundles before them in reverence .
Pollice verso by Gerome 1872
© Phoenix Art Gallery
They could grant clemency met on the way of execution provided that the meeting be coincidental. They could receive, give dinners, attend circus games where a place reserved for them. Gérôme painted the painting Pollice verso which portrays a group of Vestals seated in the front row and demanding the death of the vanquished. I think the reality was very different and that their intervention was more merciful especially as professionals Gladiators were men who were worth very expensive and had to be maintained.
Vestal by Sir Frederic Leighton
The House of Vestal Virgins, the Atrium Vestae , one of the best preserved ruins was between the Forum and the Palatine near the house (Regia) Grand Pontiff and the small round temple of Vesta. This is where the Penates of Rome and some mysterious objects were kept out of sight especially men because only women could enter it when Vestaliale, 5 before the Ides of June.
The Romans were then feasting in the streets, not at each door, and chose the dishes they brought to the temple of the goddess. We drove through the city donkeys crowned with flowers and decorated with compounds of dough pieces necklaces shaped buns, in memory of the services of these animals had rendered to Vesta. The Roman ladies went barefoot to the temple of Vesta and the Capitol
CLOTHING
The costume of the Vestal Virgins was not very strict.They wore a cap that did not drop below the ear, and thus left their faces uncovered; they are attached strips a few knotted underneath the throat; Vestals left push later their hair, which had first cut at the dedication. They had their clothes on a fine linen veil of extreme whiteness that made them recognize from afar, and possibly a mantis purple overcoat they usually wore over one shoulder, leaving the other free arm, and turned up very high .
TEXTS
① Livy in his Roman History, Book VIII Chapter XV says that in 36 BC: " 7) This year Minucia , Vestal, initially suspected to her dress too sought, was subsequently denounced by the pontiffs revelations of a slave. (8) a decree ordered him to renounce his religious duties, and retain all his slaves in his power. Then it was tried, and buried alive underground near the Colline gate, on the right path pavement in the crime of the field, so called, I think, the crime of the vestal. "
Claudia pulling the boat Cybele L. Lombard
② Pliny the Younger in a letter (IV, 11) tells how his dear friend Cornelius Domitian condemn the great Vestal Cornelia : "... Immediately the pundits were sent to be buried and put to death the unfortunate, tending them. hands sometimes towards Vesta, now to the other gods, especially among repeated her entreaties: "it's me that Caesar is unclean, I, whose sacrifices gave him the victory, gave him the triumph"
she Spoke well by flattery, or derisively by consciousness of his innocence or contempt of the prince, who knows, but she did not stop to say, until it led to execution, perhaps innocent, certainly considered innocent . Moreover, while being spun down into the fatal underground room, his coat being hooked, she turned around and brought it around her, and as the executioner held out her hand, she turned with a start and leaned back, pushing a supreme delicacy of gesture, this contact she regarded as a blemish to his chaste and pure body, and observing all the rules of decency, she put all her care to fall with decency. .. "
Vestal Tuccia Moroni c. 1555
© National Gallery London UK
③ To -204, the vestal Claudia pulled his belt with the boat on which came the statue of Cybele to prove his innocence.
In another version she allowed her brother to reach the Capitol as the Senate refused him a triumph.
④ The vestal Tuccia brought water into a hopper from the Tiber to the goddess temple to prove her chastity unfairly suspected as reported by Valerius Maximus in "Actions and memorable words (Book VIII, Chapter 1 § 5). "A similar rescue saved the young Vestal Tuccia who was accused of incest and had triumphed under tearing the veil of shadow which had enveloped slander. Strong sense of purity, she dared to seek its salvation in a risky way. She grabbed a screen and addressing Vesta, "If I have always approached your altars with holy hands, grant me to take this sieve the water of the Tiber and brought into your temple." Some bold and reckless that was such a vow, nature obeys itself to desire the priestess. "
⑤ Rhea Silva , daughter of Numitor, was a Vestal of Alba-la-longue and gave birth to Romulus and Rémusaprès the March visit.
MICHELE PATRI
Senator
Incendium
INCE′NDIUM, the crime of setting any object on fire, by which the property of a man is endangered. It was thus a more general term than the modern Arson, which is limited to the act of wilfully and maliciously burning the property of another. The crime of incendium was the subject of one of the laws of the Twelve Tables, which inflicted a severe punishment on the person who set fire to property maliciously (sciens, prudens); but if it was done by accident (casu, id est, neglegentia), the law obliged the offender to repair the injury he had committed. The punishment, however, of burning alive, which is mentioned in the passage of the Digest referred to, is supposed by modern commentators not to have been contained in the Twelve Tables, but to have been transferred from the imperial period to earlier times. In the second Punic war a great fire broke out in Rome, which was evidently occasioned humana fraude. The offenders were discovered and punished (animadversum est), but Livy unfortunately does not state in what manner. The crime of incendium was the subject of various enactments in the last century of the republic. Sulla, in his Lex Cornelia de sicariis, punished malicious (dolo malo) incendium, but only in the city, or within a thousand paces of it, with aquae et ignis interdictio, since it was frequently employed as a means for the perpetration of murder, which was especially the subject of this law. Cn. Pompeius, in B.C. 52, made incendium a crime of Vis by his Lex Pompeia de Vi, in consequence of the burning of the Curia and the Porcia Basilica on the burial of Clodius; and Julius Caesar also included it in his Lex Julia de Vi, which enacted that any act of incendium committed by large numbers of men, even if the object of their assembling together was not incendium, should be treated as Vis, and punished with aquae et ignis interdictio. The more recent Lex Julia de Vi seems to have been less severe, but it is uncertain what punishment it ordained. Besides the two criminal prosecutions given by the Lex Cornelia and the Lex Julia, a person could also bring actions to recover compensation for the injury done to his property: 1. By the actio legis Aquilliae, in case of accidental incendium. 2. In the case of a person who had committed robbery or done injury during an incendium, there was a praetorian action de incendio, which compelled him to restore fourfold the amount. In the imperial period various distinctions were made in the crime. First, a distinction was made according as the act had been performed dolo, culpa, or casu. If the incendium was not malicious, but still might have been avoided by ordinary care, a person had to make compensation; but if the incendium was purely accidental, no compensation was necessary. The cognitio was extraordinaria and belonged to the Praefectus urbi, who could inflict whatever punishment he pleased, for it appears that there was no punishment fixed by law. We accordingly find mention of execution by the sword, burning alive, condemnation to the mines and to public works, deportatio, relegatio, flogging, &c., as punishments inflicted on account of incendium.
INCE′NDIUM, the crime of setting any object on fire, by which the property of a man is endangered. It was thus a more general term than the modern Arson, which is limited to the act of wilfully and maliciously burning the property of another. The crime of incendium was the subject of one of the laws of the Twelve Tables, which inflicted a severe punishment on the person who set fire to property maliciously (sciens, prudens); but if it was done by accident (casu, id est, neglegentia), the law obliged the offender to repair the injury he had committed. The punishment, however, of burning alive, which is mentioned in the passage of the Digest referred to, is supposed by modern commentators not to have been contained in the Twelve Tables, but to have been transferred from the imperial period to earlier times. In the second Punic war a great fire broke out in Rome, which was evidently occasioned humana fraude. The offenders were discovered and punished (animadversum est), but Livy unfortunately does not state in what manner. The crime of incendium was the subject of various enactments in the last century of the republic. Sulla, in his Lex Cornelia de sicariis, punished malicious (dolo malo) incendium, but only in the city, or within a thousand paces of it, with aquae et ignis interdictio, since it was frequently employed as a means for the perpetration of murder, which was especially the subject of this law. Cn. Pompeius, in B.C. 52, made incendium a crime of Vis by his Lex Pompeia de Vi, in consequence of the burning of the Curia and the Porcia Basilica on the burial of Clodius; and Julius Caesar also included it in his Lex Julia de Vi, which enacted that any act of incendium committed by large numbers of men, even if the object of their assembling together was not incendium, should be treated as Vis, and punished with aquae et ignis interdictio. The more recent Lex Julia de Vi seems to have been less severe, but it is uncertain what punishment it ordained. Besides the two criminal prosecutions given by the Lex Cornelia and the Lex Julia, a person could also bring actions to recover compensation for the injury done to his property: 1. By the actio legis Aquilliae, in case of accidental incendium. 2. In the case of a person who had committed robbery or done injury during an incendium, there was a praetorian action de incendio, which compelled him to restore fourfold the amount. In the imperial period various distinctions were made in the crime. First, a distinction was made according as the act had been performed dolo, culpa, or casu. If the incendium was not malicious, but still might have been avoided by ordinary care, a person had to make compensation; but if the incendium was purely accidental, no compensation was necessary. The cognitio was extraordinaria and belonged to the Praefectus urbi, who could inflict whatever punishment he pleased, for it appears that there was no punishment fixed by law. We accordingly find mention of execution by the sword, burning alive, condemnation to the mines and to public works, deportatio, relegatio, flogging, &c., as punishments inflicted on account of incendium.
D
Deleted member 16647
Guest
Thks for pictures
AlexArts
Soul of Cinder
Looks dramatic and horrific...
