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Though apart from being not slavery-based, decentralization and more tenous transport infrastructure probably also made medieval Europe more inclined to use labor saving devices & techniques, and their most iconic 'built to last' structures (the cathedrals) were not so far as I'm aware generally raised by forced labor. (Castles could be different I guess, as local serfs could definitely be rounded up to work on them...)
Building was never cheap of course, and funding has been always a constraint, particularly for large edifices (e.g. choosing between continuing the cathedral, or building new and stronger city walls). Troughout history, labor was comparingly cheap, while transport (particularly of heavy building materials) was a big cost. So locally available materials, first of all wood, were preferred. The least expensive way was transport over water, explaining the networks of canals constructed in the 18th century during the early industrial revolution. The real gamechanger to make onland transport cheap was railroad, from the 1830's on.
 
Correct. A civil engineer explained me that once. Up to 100 years ago, engineers made their calculations for the required structural design, and then multiplied them by three, to be sure it would be safe. Sometimes, bridges designed that way, failed to collapse when blown up in wartime.

Today's building design is rather cost effective. The most expensive part, the foundations and basements, are built for durability, but what is erected upon them, is so sharped-edged concerning structural stability, that structural failures are allowed for, say, 15 percent over a designed lifetime (e.g. 30 years). Knowing that each gain of 5 percentpoints doubles the building cost (and for some structures, a higher stability level is required, e.g. nuclear power stations), investors rather prefer to 'postpone' this extra investment for 30 years later, when the old building would be structurally worn out and torn down (apart from the basement and foundations), so they will have a brand new one for the same (inflation corrected) extra budget as would have been needed 30 years earlier for a more structurally durable construction.

Of course, these financial constraints are less a concern, when you can save building costs by having the work done by slaves or serfs.
When I was in engineering school 50 yrs ago we were using a safety factor of 2 to 3. Uniform materials like steel required a lower multiplier but wood construction used a factor over 3.
I wonder what they use today as multipliers, if anything.
 
While slaves don't get paid wages they still cause cost ... at the absolute minimum there's the opportunity cost, if you could get a contracted project done with fewer slaves then you could profitably use the excess labor power in the mines, on the fields or for the next project.
There is a book called "A Deplorable Scarcity" written years ago that argued that the plantation economy of the South based on slavery actually diverted resources from industrialization and doomed the South's war effort. Every state except South Carolina sent at least one regiment North to fight for the Union. Small farmers in the South's economy were not uniformly in favor of either slavery or secession, and resented the political dominance of the "elite" planter class. The Republican Party at its founding had a lot of racist elements but opposed slavery as a worker's rights issue: "Free soil, free labor, free men". Slavery died out in the North primarily because of the expense of maintaining slaves--vast plantations with monoculture crops like cotton were an exception. Immigration into the United States continued during the Civil War, but the immigrants didn't go South (Midwest, western territories, and industrial states in the North). One of the South's original strategies was to urge the Europeans to intervene to keep the supply of cotton flowing through the Federal blockade. Wheat exports from the United States soared during the war--a crop that required far less labor. "King Wheat has beaten King Cotton."
 
There is a book called "A Deplorable Scarcity" written years ago that argued that the plantation economy of the South based on slavery actually diverted resources from industrialization and doomed the South's war effort. Every state except South Carolina sent at least one regiment North to fight for the Union. Small farmers in the South's economy were not uniformly in favor of either slavery or secession, and resented the political dominance of the "elite" planter class. The Republican Party at its founding had a lot of racist elements but opposed slavery as a worker's rights issue: "Free soil, free labor, free men". Slavery died out in the North primarily because of the expense of maintaining slaves--vast plantations with monoculture crops like cotton were an exception. Immigration into the United States continued during the Civil War, but the immigrants didn't go South (Midwest, western territories, and industrial states in the North). One of the South's original strategies was to urge the Europeans to intervene to keep the supply of cotton flowing through the Federal blockade. Wheat exports from the United States soared during the war--a crop that required far less labor. "King Wheat has beaten King Cotton."

Slavery as manual labor (as it was in the south) can not compete in efficiency with technological advancements. You see this with most labor, a technology come along (say the bulldozer) and it replaces dozens (hundreds) of laborers doing the same job by muscle power. The essential difference is free labor can move around at their own expense or be retrained for new jobs. Trying to do that with a basically uneducated class of slaves wasn't viable.

Really the only 2 types of slavery that exist today are based on labor that can't (yet) be cheaply replicated by technology, sexual and domestic work.

However there is another (and probably more important) side to that is that slavery was a political necessity for the southern slaveholding class in that slaves, while having no rights, WERE counted as part of the population for representation in the House of Representatives. Thus southern representatives were over-weighted in the House because because they actually represented fewer eligible voters than their northern counterparts did. With immigration going so heavily into non-slave areas the Southern politicians lost their grip on control of the Federal government, power they had essentially enjoyed and dominated since the founding of the republics. And emancipating the slaves and giving the power to vote would have only further eroded the power of the economic\political elite at a local, never mind a national level.

kisses

willowfall
 
However there is another (and probably more important) side to that is that slavery was a political necessity for the southern slaveholding class in that slaves, while having no rights, WERE counted as part of the population for representation in the House of Representatives.
Yes, I agree. Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person, if I recall. That, however, was in the Constitution (along with the prohibition on abolishing the overseas slave trade before 1808) precisely because the slave states were afraid the free states would have the clout to abolish slavery. The whole period preceding the Civil War was marked by admission of states in pairs (even some that weren't really ready, like Arkansas--sorry, Tree) so there would always be a balance of slave and free in the Senate.

I have a book on Augustine of Hippo which calls slavery "the electricity of the ancient world".
 
Though apart from being not slavery-based, decentralization and more tenous transport infrastructure probably also made medieval Europe more inclined to use labor saving devices & techniques, and their most iconic 'built to last' structures (the cathedrals) were not so far as I'm aware generally raised by forced labor. (Castles could be different I guess, as local serfs could definitely be rounded up to work on them...)
If I recall after the plague wiped out a good share of England's population the landowners wanted to require people to take jobs instead of letting them take advantage of the market deficit in labor to get the best deal. Apparently markets are only for producers.
 
When I was in engineering school 50 yrs ago we were using a safety factor of 2 to 3. Uniform materials like steel required a lower multiplier but wood construction used a factor over 3.
I wonder what they use today as multipliers, if anything.
But we have recently seen the bridge at Genoa collapse.
Also the medieval builders sometimes got it wrong too, see the story of the cathedral at Old Sarum which blew down in a storm just after completion. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarum
Mind you the site is very exposed and was eventually abandoned.
(When my group visited on a walk from Salisbury we found that the castle was closed as it was deemed that the wind was so strong that it would be dangerous to cross the bridge over the moat.)
 
Just as an aside on a different topic, we have the image of the props for Seditosa of an ornate helmet with a plume. I know that indigenous people often went into battle with decorations (the Celts were supposedly naked--which is in a way functional--but with body tatoos). But I wonder whether such elaborate headdress got in the way and actually degraded the protective function (more leverage to knock it off or put pressure on the chin strap and harm the wearer by hitting the stalk where the plume is attached). Maybe one function was to identify rank in the heat of battle (of course that allows the enemy to target you, and an ordinary soldier in elaborate headgear would be a target too). I don't know what the purpose would be for wearing such a thing to a crucifixion, unless there was some ceremonial aspect tied to who the condemned was. You'd think battle helmets would be somewhat thick and compact and more functional.
 
Some years ago the interstate in Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi River, causing several deaths of drivers crossing at the time. The United States with its "fiscal responsibility" is notorious for poor infrastructure.
I was there …. Not on the bridge, but nearby … when that happened. Terrible!
 
If I recall after the plague wiped out a good share of England's population the landowners wanted to require people to take jobs instead of letting them take advantage of the market deficit in labor to get the best deal. Apparently markets are only for producers.

This is where you actually saw a balance of power change between workers and property owners the 3 times that the plague assaulted Europe. There were so few workers left that landowners (who didn't OWN the workers) had to treat them better otherwise they might lose them to the landowner down the road.

Of course with slaves (the backbone of industrial [including agriculture] labor) there was no option to relocate. You could be sold on, or rented out, but you couldn't say to your owner "Sorry Claudius down the road is offering me a better deal." And of course they were a large enough percentage of the population so that is they got out of line there would be serious economic dislocation to say nothing of a threat to the political masters of the society.

So I CAN see the incentive to own slaves provided the cost of ownership (which includes a ton of money beyond just the purchase) is less than the value of the labor the slave provided. Even ancient aristocrats were smart enough to understand the economics of the whole deal.

kisses

willowfall

kisses

willowfall
 
Just as an aside on a different topic, we have the image of the props for Seditosa of an ornate helmet with a plume. I know that indigenous people often went into battle with decorations (the Celts were supposedly naked--which is in a way functional--but with body tatoos). But I wonder whether such elaborate headdress got in the way and actually degraded the protective function (more leverage to knock it off or put pressure on the chin strap and harm the wearer by hitting the stalk where the plume is attached). Maybe one function was to identify rank in the heat of battle (of course that allows the enemy to target you, and an ordinary soldier in elaborate headgear would be a target too). I don't know what the purpose would be for wearing such a thing to a crucifixion, unless there was some ceremonial aspect tied to who the condemned was. You'd think battle helmets would be somewhat thick and compact and more functional.

Ok a couple of points here:

1) Ornate helmets were designed that way so the owner would stand out for 3 reasons (1) HIS men could easily recognize him in the confusion of battle; (2) If he was a warrior to be feared due to his reputation enemies would be reluctant to face him and (3) Depending on the culture and time period he might be worth more alive than dead (ransom).
2) Helmets are NOT designed to stop a blow but to deflect it so they would not be thick (to say nothing of the strain of a lot of weight on your neck). Depending again on the culture or time period they might not be compact (as in formed to fit the head closely) because the ancient's understood a layered defense (like a modern battle tank). So metal helmet to deflect the blow, soft padded cap underneath to absorb the shock. By the time you get to the European feudal cavalry there could be 3 or more layers (helmet, mail coif, padded cap) before you got to hair.

kisses

willowfall
 
Some years ago the interstate in Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi River, causing several deaths of drivers crossing at the time. The United States with its "fiscal responsibility" is notorious for poor infrastructure.

Ok without getting into politics here several decades ago the north bound section of the I90 bridge over the Schoharie Creek washed away at night due to usually heavy spring runoff killing 11 people.

The investigation proved that the bridge had actually been build better than the minimum specifications considered necessary at the time of it's construction. The accident was caused by several factors (1) first and foremost the Schoharie is not considered a powerful river (and if you stand on its banks 99 out of a 100 days you'd agree) and that this particular combination of run off (heavy snow pack being hit by heavy rains causing the reservoir to overflow) was a once in a century event and (2) The amount of traffic along I90 had increased to a point well beyond anybody's expectations thus stressing the infrastructure.

Nature is massively more powerful than humans tend to give it credit for, example in 1811 the New Madrid earthquake rerouted the Mississippi River OVERNIGHT to a completely new course in the local area. And of course in Roman times Pompeii crushed several town and cities on very short notice.

Do people take shortcuts (yep and always will) but it usually out of a sense of hubris more than it is out of malice or incompetence. And frankly the planet and nature don't give a DAMN about what we want or what we find convenient for us.

kisses

willowfall
 
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